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T

партнерский материал
5 лет роверам «Яндекса» в городе: ИСТОРИЯ РОБОТОВ-ДОСТАВЩИКОВ В РОССИИ

Рассказываем о путешествии робота-курьера с момента его рождения до первой доставки
Текст: Катерина Бычкова
Дизайн: Виолетта Шепитько
Фото: пресс-служба «Яндекса»
Ровно пять лет назад на улицах Москвы появился первый робот-курьер «Яндекса», которому можно доверить ответственное дело — доставку из любимых магазинов и ресторанов. Роверы работали в морозную зиму и жаркое лето, пробирались сквозь переполненные улицы в час пик в разных городах мира и выходили в праздники. Сейчас на доставке уже третье поколение роботов-курьеров (R3). Рассказываем, как начиналась история «Яндекс-роверов» — от разработки до расширения зон доставки в восьми районах столицы.
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Вначале было слово: автомобиль

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«Будущее» началось еще в 2016 году, когда «Яндекс» приступил к разработке технологии автономного вождения, которая позволяет автомобилю перемещаться без участия водителя. Компания оказалась в числе первых в мире, кто сделал ставку на создание беспилотного управления (безопасного, удобного и доступного). Год ушел на создание первого прототипа, и в 2017 году появился автомобиль на базе Toyota Prius V c использованием собственных технологий «Яндекса», включая картографирование и систему компьютерного зрения, анализирующую окружающую обстановку в режиме реального времени.
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В 2018 году на беспилотном такси можно было передвигаться совершеннолетним резидентам «Сколково» (и заказывать машину через «Яндекс Такси» бесплатно). Территория была выбрана как тестовая зона, поэтому во время всех поездок в автомобиле присутствовал водитель-испытатель на пассажирском сиденье, готовый перехватить управление. Абсолютным прорывом стала поездка на беспилотном автомобиле в июне того же года из Москвы в Казань, во время которой машина проехала 789 километров за 11 часов. Причем 99 процентов пути были преодолены в режиме автопилота.

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Первый робот R1
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После успешных испытаний беспилотного автомобиля в городских условиях стало понятно, что нужно идти навстречу новым вызовам и технологическим экспериментам. Так и появилась идея создать робокурьера, и в июне 2019 года команда начала разработку в Инженерном центре на юге Москвы.
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Главная цель исследования — выяснить, можно ли уместить беспилотный автомобиль в корпус, который сильно уступает ему по размерам.
Спойлер: еще как можно!
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В первом прототипе не было никакой логики управления. Сначала нужно было доказать гипотезу, что робот сможет двигаться, поворачивать и совершать другие маневры на узких тротуарах. R1 был собран из фанеры и шести колес от гироскутера, а в первые пробные заезды инженеры, технологи и менеджеры «Яндекса» катались на нем, как на скейте (тестировали его на нагрузку). К слову, в какой-то момент колеса от гироскутеров закончились и пришлось погрузиться в мир технологий на AliExpress. В заказе колеса немного отличались друг от друга (в том числе и по диаметру), поэтому было решено отказаться от затеи (робот мог из-за этого поворачивать не в ту сторону) и найти партнера-производителя.
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Первые тесты прототипа R1 на нагрузку

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Тестовый корпус напоминал по внешнему виду космическую капсулу из фантастического фильма — большую, гладкую (из толстой нержавеющей стали) и с подсветкой. Начинка робота (или его внутренности) — от небольшого игрового компьютера, поэтому он быстро разряжался, всего за два-четыре часа. Название «ровер» он получил в честь космических аппаратов, а одним из источников для вдохновения был советский Луноход-1.
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Луноход- 1
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За 4 месяца удалось спроектировать робота-курьера с нуля, собрать и запустить в городе прототип, который можно было показать всему миру. R1 все также был из мира фантастики, но внешне больше напоминал марсоход. Он работал всего 3,5 часа без подзарядки, в его грузовой отсек помещалась только одна пицца. На этом «Яндекс» не планировал останавливаться. Кстати, самого первого ровера можно увидеть в «Яндекс Музее» (ул. Тимура Фрунзе, 11, стр. 13).
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Робот по имени…
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Имена первым роботам давали из мультсериала «Футурама» — о будущем в 3000-м году. Самого первого звали Фрай, второго — Бендер, ну и куда без одноглазой Лилы. Когда имена закончились, в ход пошли ученые, в том числе вымышленные (например, Франкенштейн). На английском некоторые фамилии звучали неоднозначно, да и в вопросе масштабирования было бы неудобно перечислять каждого по имени, поэтому в «Яндексе» решили остановиться на букве R, а будущим поколениям присваивать цифру, чтобы однажды появился наш собственный R2-D2
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Мультсериал «Футурама»
А забавную историю рассказать?
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На первой презентации Фрая (ровера R1) на территории «Яндекса» одного мальчика очень заинтересовал робот. Да так, что он решил покатать его как тележку, а потом и обнять. Мальчик лег на корпус... и поехал. Выглядело это круче, чем львенок, катающийся на черепахе, но более волнительно всем вокруг. Все-таки робот впервые увидел людей, а с ним уже вовсю хочет подружиться ребенок. К счастью, все прошло благополучно, а вопрос надежности изобретения даже не стоял. Сегодня роботы умеют отличать взрослых от детей, и если ребенок вдруг появится перед ровером и резко исчезнет из виду, то робот призовет оператора, чтобы убедиться, что ребенок не упал перед роботом. Поэтому мы просим не бежать за роботом, робот может резко остановиться, и в него можно врезаться.

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R2 (или пухляш)
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В R2 команда «Яндекса» сфокусировалась на его основной миссии — доставлять посылки. Поэтому роботов проверяли еще и на термоустойчивость (проверку на стрессоустойчивость успешно прошел еще Фрай-R1), нагревая до 70 градусов Цельсия, — испытания они выдерживали. Еще грузовой отсек должен был вмещать пять маленьких пицц, и инженеры добавили автоматическую крышку, которая могла сама открываться и закрываться по кнопке в приложении. «Внутренности» перевели на собственную электронику компании, в том числе платы, спроектировали проводку и жгуты, составили документацию их длины и того, как они должны прокладываться. Некоторые проблемы все же оставались, например, роботам приходилось подолгу заряжаться, эту стоянку в команде назвали «робобаром».
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70℃
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Так, R2 получился больше, чем предыдущая модель (или округлее по форме), в команде его по-доброму прозвали «пухляшом». Эту версию робота выпустили численностью в общей сложности около ста штук!

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Третье поколение роботов R-3
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В ровере третьего поколения (R-3) улучшили изображение с камер и лидара. Угол обзора стал больше 180 градусов, появилась дополнительная камера с большим фокусным расстоянием. Она помогает отчетливо видеть светофоры на противоположной стороне даже очень широкой дороги. А еще добавили светодиодные фары, чтобы гармонично вписываться в городскую среду.
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Конструкторы и инженеры «Яндекса» разработали большинство элементов для робота самостоятельно — от плат, корпусов до шин и металлических элементов конструкций. Внешний корпус стал полностью влагостойким и герметичным, а еще прямоугольным за счет увеличения полезного объема грузового отсека. Во время тестирования робота не жалели: поливали из мойки высокого давления и ставили в морозилку. Теперь в него помещаются пятилитровые бутыли воды, которые часто заказывают в магазинах. При этом размеры робота практически не изменились.
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R3 может работать без перерывов за счет съемной батареи (замена севшего аккумулятора занимает меньше минуты) и отправляться на «вторую смену». В автоматической крышке появилась система безопасности, которая не позволяет ей захлопнуться, если что-то мешает, например, рука.
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(Не) первый снег робота
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На испытательный полигон роботов-доставщиков отправляют, чтобы проверить надежность сборки и подключение контактов. Первый тест — полоса препятствий из бетонных блоков, резких поворотов и разбросанных скейтбордов, предвосхищающая реальные трудности, с которыми столкнутся роверы в городской среде. Второй тест — проверить, сможет ли R3 ездить в разных погодных условиях. Роверы третьего поколения проходили испытания летом, когда в центральной части России стояла 35-градусная жара, но справится ли он со снегом и холодом? Для этого эксперимента в команде «Яндекса» залили целых 70 килограмм искусственного снега (конечно, вооружившись лопатой и создавая импровизированные сугробы). Снежные препятствия были успешно преодолены.
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Яндекс завершил эксплуатацию второго поколения роботов-доставщиков R2.
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Июнь
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В июне 2023 года в московском районе Ясенево был замечен автономный автомобиль — так начался тест роботакси «Яндекса». Тем не менее, в машине полностью под управлением электроники находился водитель-испытатель на пассажирском сиденье, который контролировал авто по маршруту.
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АВГУСТ
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В августе завершилось плодотворное сотрудничество «Яндекса» и «Почты России» по тестированию роботов-доставщиков. За два года 36 роботов привезли получателям более 18 тысяч посылок, 99% из них были доставлены в срок, а среднее время выполнения заказа составило 40 минут.
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Декабрь
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Еще в конце 2022 года заказы из «Яндекс Еды» и «Лавки» стали доставлять роверами. В декабре 2023 года такой способ доставки используют более 500 магазинов и ресторанов-партнеров «Яндекс Еды». Каждый пятый пользователь «Яндекс Еды» выбирает робота-курьера в качестве способа доставки, 50% из них — ради взаимодействия с «новой технологией» (да и доставка бесплатная, что тоже приятно). В планах компании — укрепить позиции роверов и сделать их незаменимыми помощниками для доставки во время увеличенного спроса в любых погодных условиях и, конечно, расширить зоны в других регионах.
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Теперь роботы-курьеры доставляют еду из ресторанов и продукты в международном деловом центре «Москва-Сити» и в других районах Москвы — Тверском, Пресненском, Ломоносовском, Раменках, Аэропорте, Тропарево-Никулине, Фили-Давыдкове и Хамовниках.
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ТВЕРСКОЙ РАЙОН

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ПРЕСНЕНСКИЙ РАЙОН

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ХАМОВНИКИ
ФИЛИ- ДАВЫДКОВО
АЭРОПОРТ
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ТВЕРСКОЙ РАЙОН
РАМЕНКИ
МОСКВА-СИТИ
ЛОМОНОСОВСКИЙ РАЙОН
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ТРОПАРЁВО-
НИКУЛИНО
До этого роверы «Яндекса» работали в Хамовниках и на Лесной улице, доставив за 2023 год более 100 тысяч заказов. Такой способ предлагают пользователю при наличии свободного робота, его маршрут можно также отследить, а чтобы забрать заказ — нажмите в приложении кнопку «Открыть крышку».
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Реклама. Яндекс